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COVID-19 Resources & References
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Resources To Track Pandemic
Impact on Children
-- Heart DIsease
-- Spread
-- Ventilation Schools
-- Long COVID
-- Immunological Response
Masks
Vaccine & Immune
Imprinting
Immune Hypofunction
& Dysfunction
Long COVID
-- Heart Disease
-- Central Nervous System
Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2
Infection
“Among
2231 participants first infected on or after December 1, 2021, and
enrolled within 30 days of infection, 224 (10% [95% CI, 8.8%-11%])
were PASC positive at 6 months.”
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2805540
More than 75% of nation’s long COVID patients hadn’t been
hospitalized for initial illness
https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation/more-than-75-of-nations-long-covid-patients-hadnt-been-hospitalized-for-initial-illness/
Impact of COVID on Children
2022, May. At Least Half a Million U.S.
Kids Are Struggling With Long Covid
They seem to get long
Covid less than adults, but Daniel Griffin, an infectious diseases
expert at Columbia University who treats Covid patients and hosts a
weekly podcast update on the disease, said that about 5% to 10% of
kids who’ve had the virus come down with long-term symptoms.
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-05-06/coronavirus-latest-half-a-million-u-s-kids-may-suffer-from-long-covid
Children Heart Disease
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Mid- and Long-Term Atrio-Ventricular Functional Changes in Children
after Recovery from COVID-19
Journal of Clincial Medicine "Our findings shed new light on the
cardiac impact of COVID-19 in paediatric age. In fact, we showed for
the first time that 60% of children who recovered from asymptomatic
or mildly symptomatic COVID-19 still exhibit mild subclinical
systolic cardiac impairment after an average follow-up of 148 ± 68
days from disease onset. This subtle impairment in myocardial
deformation was worse in the LV apical region of COVID-19 children
who recovered during the second wave compared to the first wave."
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/1/186
Children Spread
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On the role of different age groups in propagating Omicron epidemics
in France
Interesting Preprint (not yet peer reviewed) which found "Children
aged 10 to 19 yrs. played the greatest relative role in propagating
Omicron epidemics, particularly when schools were open, followed by
children aged 0-9y and adults aged 20-29y, as well as adults aged
30-49y."
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.22283867v1
"...the relative risk (RR) statistic that measures, for each age
group, the change in the proportion of that age group among all
COVID-19 cases...For the Summer wave (June 27 – Aug. 21), the
highest RR estimate belong to children aged 0-9y (RR=1.61
(1.13,2.30)) followed by children aged 10-19y (RR=1.46 (0.72,2.93))
and adults aged 20-29y (RR=1.43 (0.91,2.23)). For the Autumn wave
(Sep. 18 – Nov. 12), the highest RR estimate belonged to children
aged 10-19y (RR=1.64 (0.72,3.73)), followed by adults aged 30-39y
(RR=1.35 (0.8,2.27)) and 20-29y (RR=1.21 (0.66,2.22))."
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.22283867v2
Contact tracing study in South Korea, where 10 to 19 year olds most
likely to spread COVID-19 to household contacts. The least likely
was the age group 0 to 9. However, as early as 2020 it was observed
that children can spread the disease.
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/10/20-1315_article
Primary school teachers were 67% more likely to develop SARS-CoV-2
infections than other occupations.
https://occup-med.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12995-023-00371-9
The Public health Agency of Sweden on Dec 18, 2020. This report
shows that elementary, grammar and nursery schools comprised 75% of
the non-Medical COVID-19 outbreaks in Sweden.
https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/globalassets/statistik-uppfoljning/smittsamma-sjukdomar/veckorapporter-covid-19/2020/veckorapport-covid-19-v50-final.pdf
And a new report which shows primary school teachers were the most
likely occupation to catch COVDI-19 -- relative risk of 1.67 .
https://occup-med.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12995-023-00371-9
Another Report Finding Teachers are the profession with the highest
sickenss absences.
https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/resource/all-is-not-well-sickness-absence-in-the-nhs-in-england
Ventilation Schools
SARS-CoV-2 transmission with and without mask wearing or air
cleaners in schools in Switzerland: A modeling study of
epidemiological, environmental, and molecular data "Daily average
aerosol number concentrations without interventions were 177 ± 109
1/cm3 and decreased by 69% (95% CrI 42% to 86%) with mask mandates
and 39% (95% CrI 4% to 69%) with air cleaners."
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004226
Italian study shows ventilation can cut school COVID cases by 82%
"With applications guaranteeing a complete replacement of the air in
a classroom 2.4 times in an hour, infections were reduced by 40%.
They were lowered by 66.8% with four air replacements per hour and
by 82.5% with six air replacements, the study showed."
https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italian-study-shows-ventilation-can-cut-school-covid-cases-by-82-2022-03-22/
Children-Long COVID
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1. At Least Half a Million U.S. Kinds Have Long COVID
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-05-06/coronavirus-latest-half-a-million-u-s-kids-may-suffer-from-long-covid
2. Germany - Controlled Study. Long COVID occures in Children Less
Frequently than adults. Children post COVID were 30% more likely than
controls to have long term symptesm (2.28 times more likly to have
fatigue and exhaustion)
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004122
3. Symposium for professionals and families on the
current state of pediatric long COVID. April 21-22, 2023
https://twu.edu/woodcock-institute/national-covid-conference/
4. Pereira SMP, Mensah A, Nugawela MD, et al. Long COVID in
Children and Youth After Infection or Reinfection with the Omicron
Variant: A prospective Observational Study.
"12-16% infected with Omicron met the research definition of long
COVID at 3 and 6 months after infection, with no evidence of
difference between cases of first-positive and reinfection
(pchi-square=0.17)." The Journal of Pediatrics.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347623003116
Immunological Response
Tracking the clonal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in
children and adults with mild/asymptomatic COVID-19 - ScienceDirect
"This was associated with the development of robust CD4+ memory T
cell responses in adults but not children. These data suggest that
rapid clearance of SARS-CoV-2 in children may compromise their
cellular immunity and ability to resist reinfection."
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S152166162200290X
Masks
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Masks Protect Others: "Mask mandates decreased the detection
of SARS-CoV-2 aerosols by 69%"
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004226
Surgical masks reduce COVID-19 spread, large-scale study shows
29 point difference in mask usage between arms, 11% difference in
repiratory symptoms from COVID-19.
https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2021/09/surgical-masks-covid-19.html
Despite the findings of a Cochrane Study, masks do work,
https://theconversation.com/yes-masks-reduce-the-risk-of-spreading-covid-despite-a-review-saying-they-dont-198992
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/feb/27/dont-believe-those-who-claim-science-proves-masks-dont-work
SARS-CoV-2 transmission with and without mask wearing or air
cleaners in schools in Switzerland: A modeling study of
epidemiological, environmental, and molecular data "Molecular
detection of airborne and human SARS-CoV-2 indicated sustained
transmission in schools. Mask mandates were associated with greater
reductions in aerosol concentrations than air cleaners and with
lower transmission."
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004226
Effectiveness of Face Mask or Respirator Use in Indoor Public
Settings for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection — California,
February–December 2021
"..continuous use of N95 and KN95 respirators cut the odds of
infection by 83 percent compared to 66 percent with surgical masks."
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7106e1.htm?s_cid=mm7106e1_w%20[cdc.gov]#contribAff
Why the CDC’s New Mask Guideline Proposal May Actually Imperil
Frontline Worker
https://www.thedailybeast.com/new-cdc-mask-guidelines-may-actually-imperil-frontline-workers-experts-say
Behavioral factors and SARS-CoV-2 transmission heterogeneity within
a household cohort in Costa Rica
The estimated household secondary attack rate is 34% (95% CI 5–75%).
Mask wearing by the index case is associated with the household
transmission risk reduction by 67% (adjusted odds ratio = 0.33 with
95% CI: 0.09–0.75) and not sharing bedroom with the index case is
associated with the risk reduction of household transmission by 78%
(adjusted odds ratio = 0.22 with 95% CI 0.10–0.41).
https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-023-00325-6
SARS-CoV-2 transmission with and without mask wearing or air
cleaners in schools in Switzerland: A modeling study of
epidemiological, environmental, and molecular data "Daily average
aerosol number concentrations without interventions were 177 ± 109
1/cm3 and decreased by 69% (95% CrI 42% to 86%) with mask mandates
and 39% (95% CrI 4% to 69%) with air cleaners."
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004226
Boulos L, Curran JA, Gallant A, Wong H, Johnson C, Delahunty-Pike A,
Saxinger L, Chu D, Comeau J, Flynn T, Clegg J, Dye C. Effectiveness
of face masks for reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a rapid
systematic review. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2023 Oct
9;381(2257):20230133. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0133. Epub 2023 Aug 23.
PMID: 37611625; PMCID: PMC10446908.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10446908/
"Seven observational studies found that respirators were more
protective than surgical masks, while five found no statistically
significant difference between the two mask types. Despite the ROB,
and allowing for uncertain and variable efficacy, we conclude that
wearing masks, wearing higher quality masks (respirators), and mask
mandates generally reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission in these study
populations."
Cash-Goldwasser S, Reingold AL, Luby SP, Jackson LA, Frieden TR.
Masks During Pandemics Caused by Respiratory Pathogens—Evidence and
Implications for Action. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(10):e2339443.
doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39443
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2811136
"During the next epidemic or pandemic caused by a respiratory
pathogen, decision-makers will need to rely on existing evidence as
they implement interventions. High-quality studies have shown that
use of face masks in the community is associated with reduced
transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and is likely to be an important
component of an effective response to a future respiratory threat."
Vaccine & Immune
Imprinting
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Immune imprinting and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34580004/
Immune boosting by B.1.1.529 (Omicron) depends on previous
SARS-CoV-2 exposure
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq1841
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Vaccine-Induced Immune Imprinting Reduces
Nucleocapsid Protein Antibody Response in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35935586/
How your first COVID-19 vaccination could 'hurt' subsequent boosters
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-02-covid-vaccination-subsequent-boosters.html
Immune imprinting makes some Covid-19 booster shots less effective,
Chinese scientists find
https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3208939/chinese-scientists-find-immune-imprinting-makes-covid-19-booster-shots-less-effective
Immune Hypofuction &
Dysfunction
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ACE2-independent infection of T lymphocytes by SARS-CoV-2
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-022-00919-x
Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial
mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-01113-x
SARS-CoV-2 Actively Infects And Kills Lymphoid Cells
https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2022/04/14/sars-cov-2-actively-infects-and-kills-lymphoid-cells/?sh=2e91b41486b8
How COVID-19 alters the immune system
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211028125803.htm
Examining COVID-19's long-term effects on the innate immune system
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-01-covid-long-term-effects-innate-immune.html
Long COVID
Cardiac Effects
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Is COVID-19 actually a disease of the blood vessels? New research
could help explain odd symptoms from strokes to purple toes - June
4, 2020. (This is pre-Vaccine)
https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/06/04/is-covid-19-actually-a-disease-of-the-blood-vessels-new-research-could-help-explain-odd-symptoms-from-strokes-to-purple-toes.html
The Core Lesson of the COVID-19 Heart Debate - Sept. 21, 2020.
https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/09/covid-19-heart-pandemic-coronavirus-myocarditis/616420/
Heart attack deaths in young adults rose during first two years of
COVID-19 pandemic
https://www.cbsnews.com/video/covid-pandemic-heart-health-cardiac-deaths/
Young people are more likely to die of heart attacks post-COVID,
study finds. But why?
https://www.today.com/health/covid-heart-attack-young-people-rcna69903
Heart disease after COVID: what the data say
Nature:
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02074-3
COVID-19 patients retain elevated risk of death for at least 18
months after infection, finds large-scale study
Cardiovascular Research -
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-01-covid-patients-retain-elevated-death.html
COVID and the Heart: It Spares No One
John Hopkins:
https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2022/covid-and-the-heart-it-spares-no-one
Fatal heart attacks have surged in Australia. Here’s why
https://www.smh.com.au/national/fatal-heart-attacks-have-surged-in-australia-here-s-why-20230117-p5cd22.html
Heart-disease risk soars after COVID — even with a mild case
Nature:
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00403-0?#ref-CR1
Myocarditis: COVID-19 is a much bigger risk to the heart than
vaccination
The Conversation:
https://theconversation.com/myocarditis-covid-19-is-a-much-bigger-risk-to-the-heart-than-vaccination-174580
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the
American Heart Association
Circulation:
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001123#
How COVID-19 Changes the Heart—Even After the Virus Is Gone
Time:
https://time.com/6256674/covid-19-affects-heart/
Central Nervous
System Effects
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Assessment of Cognitive Function in Patients After COVID-19
Infection
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2785388
SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at
autopsy
Nature:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05542-y
Causal Effects of COVID-19 on Structural Changes in Specific Brain
Regions: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Preprint Lancet:
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4356797
The haunting brain science of long Covid
STAT:
https://www.statnews.com/2023/02/16/the-haunting-brain-science-of-long-covid/
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins and genomic sequences in
human brainstem nuclei
Nature NPI Parkinson's Disease:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-023-00467-3
Brain Structure, Widespread Connectivity Changes Seen With Long
COVID
MedPage Today:
https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aan/103186
What brains could teach scientists about the lasting effects of
Covid-19
https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/what-brains-could-teach-scientists-about-lasting-effects-covid-19-n1259135
2022, Oct: The neurobiology of long COVID "COVID-19 may affect the
central nervous system in (at least) six main ways.
https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(22)00910-2
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